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A fixed cost remains basically constant regardless of the level of output or operation in a company over a short period of time (one to a...
Gas exploration is the process of exploring for and discovering new gas deposits. The way in which producers explore for natural gas...
As long ago as 1000 BC the Greeks are credited with the discovery of natural gas. According to legend, a goat herdsman was startled by...
Gas Scheduling provides the link between customer demand and Gas Control’s operation of the system. It is the role of Gas Scheduling to...
A gas supply agreement between a buyer and seller contains a number of standard terms. Of course, a full agreement would contain...
One of the most important regulatory proceedings for a utility is the general rate case or GRC. It is in this proceeding that rates and...
Methane, the primary component of natural gas and a greenhouse gas (GHG), is released into the atmosphere during production and through...
Gases that trap heat in the atmosphere are called greenhouse gases (GHGs). The trapping of heat is called the greenhouse effect. A...
Hedging is a risk management strategy designed to offset potential losses. The reduction in risk has a cost, which may be paid upfront,...
In the future some residential energy consumers may become “prosumers,” who are both providers and consumers of electric grid services....
Hubs (also called market centers) are common places for market participants to trade gas or electricity. Hubs are used for physical...
Under the hybrid market model customers have the option of buying electric supply from a competitive retailer or choosing to continue...
In some areas, traditional cost-of-service regulation is being supplemented with incentive regulation also known as performance-based...
An independent system operator, or ISO, is an independent organization that handles electric grid operations, market facilitation for...
(aka Non-utility generator) Independent power producers, commonly called IPPs, are independent owners of generation that are not part of...
Gas and electric utility rate structures and regulatory rules typically classify industrial customers as a unique class. Industrial...
Investor-owned utilities, or IOUs, are for-profit corporations owned by either public or private shareholders. Most are publicly owned...
Natural gas liquefaction was first demonstrated by British scientist Michael Faraday in 1845. The first practical compressor...
The key safety issues for LNG relate to the consequences of an LNG spill. Most significant is the potential for ignition of an LNG pool...
Load forecasting is the process of creating a forecast of the amount of gas or electric load expected on a system during a specified...
