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Pumped storage plants are like impoundment hydropower plants but with reservoirs above and below the turbine and with the capability of...
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In 1978, the U.S. Congress passed the Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act (PURPA), which contained measures to encourage more...
RIIO (the name is taken from the equation Revenues = Incentives + Innovation + Outputs) is a form of performance-based regulation applied...
The distribution feeder design dictates how distribution feeder lines are laid out and interconnected to provide service to customers,...
Rate design is the process of determining how authorized revenues will be collected from customers through utility charges. Once a...
In recent years, typical authorized rates of returns for utilities in the U.S. have been between 9 and 10%. Cost-of-service ratemaking...
The rated capacity of a generation unit, also known as the maximum power rating, defines the maximum power in megawatts that the unit is...
Reactive power is typically quantified in units of volt-amps reactive or VARs, kilovolt-amps reactive or kVARs, or megavolt-amps reactive...
Most appliance and consumer equipment manufacturers rate their equipment in units of real power. In the electric industry, the standard...
A reciprocating engine is a machine that uses the kinetic energy of repetitively moving pistons to create pressure that is then converted...
A reclosing breaker, often simply called a recloser, is a type of circuit breaker that, upon sensing a fault, automatically resets itself...
A red tag is a notice placed on a customer facility when a utility company employee or a city or county inspector notes an unsafe...
An RTO is a formal designation by the U.S. Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC). In most cases, RTOs and Independent System...
Regulating reserve is capacity comprising sources of supply whose output can be increased (ramped up or incremented) or decreased (ramped...
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Federal regulation of the natural gas and electricity industries is applied to facilities or commodity transactions involved in...
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In the mid to late 1800s, the utility industry rapidly developed in an environment of open competition. Most cities and states believed...
Note: This entry refers to an agency that regulates an energy company, not the piece of natural gas equipment that regulates pressure....
The relationship between regulators and utilities is often described as the regulatory compact. This means that in return for government...
Reliability is a measure of the electric or natural gas system’s ability to provide supply to consumers when they desire to use the...
Renewable electric generation is a broad category fueled by sources that can be naturally replenished. There are many types of renewable...
