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Under the vertically integrated monopoly utility model, electric generation, transmission, distribution, retail sales, and system...
A VAR is a unit of measurement of reactive power. VARs occur when AC electric currents and voltage are not in phase. Current and voltage...
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The term voltage is used to quantify the pressure or force pushing electrons through a conductor. For electrons to move from atom to...
Bulk electric systems are operated to maintain voltage within specific predefined ranges. But with the occurrence of certain system...
Voltage regulators are adjustable step-up or step-down transformers that help maintain adequate voltage on long distribution lines. For...
Voltage support is the provision or absorption of reactive power to the grid to maintain acceptable voltage. Transmission and...
Water turbines are used in hydroelectric power plants to convert the kinetic energy in flowing water to the mechanical energy of a...
A watt is the basic unit of power in the International System of Units (SI). It measures the rate at which electrical energy is...
Watt’s Law is an electrical relationship that is helpful in sizing the capacity of circuits and services. You will commonly see two forms...
A watt-hour is the basic unit of measuring electrical energy. Energy is power used over time. The watt-hour is a unit of energy equal to...
In the energy industry, wholesale customers are entities that buy natural gas or electric supply for the purpose of reselling it....
Various factors influence the price of electricity at any given location at any point in time. Generally speaking, market-based prices...
Wholesale marketers are entities that purchase natural gas or electric supply for the purposes or reselling the supply to other market...
Under the wholesale/industrial competition model, the utility remains responsible for providing supply to residential and small...
A wind farm is a group of wind turbines that generate electricity in a common location. A wind farm may also be called a wind power...
Wind power is created by the conversion of kinetic energy in wind, which is the energy of the moving air molecules, to energy in the form...
A wye distribution line describes a specific configuration of a three-phase line. If a system designer has specified a three-phase line,...
Zero carbon describes a process that has no greenhouse gas emissions. It differs from net zero carbon in that net zero allows for...
A ZEV is a vehicle that emits close to zero pollutants. As of 2021, ZEV was defined by California as having 98% cleaner emissions than...
There are generation technologies other than renewable generation that can provide energy without emissions. To recognize these, some...
