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Natural gas and electric utility rate structures and regulatory rules typically classify residential customers as a unique class....
A retail marketer is a non-utility entity that sells electric supply, natural gas supply, and other energy services directly to end-use...
Revenue allocation is a step in the ratemaking process where the revenue requirement is divided among specific utility functions and,...
A revenue requirement is the total amount of money a utility must collect from customers to pay all its costs, including its return on...
A service territory defines the geographic area where a utility is allowed and required to provide services. Typically, a utility has...
The spark spread is a quantity that represents the difference between the wholesale market price of electricity and the cost of producing...
When engineers design a steel gas line, they designate a required pipe minimum yield strength, often called the specified minimum yield...
Speculation is the act of taking on risk with the goal of making money. To understand the use of financial instruments, you must clearly...
In the energy business, a spot market is a commodities market in which the commodity is sold for cash and is delivered to a specific...
A stranded cost refers to the amount invested in an asset that exceeds the market value of that asset. Stranded costs often arise during...
Supply-side competition refers to competition between providers of a commodity. In natural gas markets it refers to competition between...
Synthetic natural gas (SNG), also sometimes called syngas or substitute natural gas, is natural gas that is created from materials that...
A therm is a measure of the energy content of natural gas and is equal to 100,000 British thermal units (Btu). Many gas utilities bill...
Three-part communication is a process used in the natural gas and electric industries to limit errors due to lack of effective...
Gas transmission line pipe is typically 12 to 48 inches in diameter and constructed of 1/4- to 3/4-inch thick steel. Laterals off the...
A turbine is a machine in which the kinetic energy of a moving fluid causes a series of blades to spin, thus converting kinetic energy to...
An energy flow diagram shows the movement of energy used by a specific consumer or set of consumers from source to usage. In the example...
The “service” that natural gas and electric end users receive actually comprises two services: commodity (the supply of natural gas or...
The natural gas delivery chain comprises three sectors: upstream (generally associated with the production aspect of the industry),...
Valves are required along the gas delivery system so that sections of the system can be isolated and shut down in the event of a leak or...
