Three-phase power refers to an electrical system that has three voltage or current curves. While we are used to thinking of electric...

Line pack is natural gas that is stored within the pipes of a gas transmission or distribution system. Line pack is used by gas system...

Backhaul is a contractual transaction where natural gas is moved on a pipeline in the opposite direction of flow. For example, on a...

Natural gas is generally measured in one of two ways – by volume or by energy content. Gas is metered based on volume. Units typically...

Users of natural gas are rarely able to forecast exactly how much gas they will need on a given day. Production rates go up and down,...

A blowdown is the purposeful venting of natural gas to the atmosphere during well operations and/or during pipeline operations or...

A balancing account is an accounting mechanism used by regulated utilities to keep track of the difference between projected expenses and...

A service territory defines the geographic area where a utility is allowed and required to provide services. Typically, a utility has...

A fuse is a device that provides protection to electrical circuits by melting a fusible link when current exceeding its rating flows...

The spark spread is a quantity that represents the difference between the wholesale market price of electricity and the cost of producing...

Under the vertically integrated monopoly utility model, electric generation, transmission, distribution, retail sales, and system...

Administrative and general expenses are a sub-category of expenses incurred in the normal day-to-day operations of a business. Utility...

Prime movers are part of the equipment that make up a compressor station. The prime mover is a device that provides the power to drive...

Distribution lines can be configured in different ways depending on how they are wired into the transformer at the substation. Lines may...

SPP is a regional transmission organization (RTO) that coordinates dispatch and transmission of wholesale electricity in parts of 14...

Voltage regulators are adjustable step-up or step-down transformers that help maintain adequate voltage on long distribution lines. For...

In an AC system, frequency is the rate at which the electron flow changes direction. Frequency is measured in hertz, abbreviated as Hz,...

A dispatch curve is a graph of variable operating costs for every available supply resource within a certain balancing authority area....