A test year is the 12-month period used in a rate case to determine a utility’s cost of service to be included in future rates. There are...

The ohm is the unit used as measure of the resistance to flow of electricity in a material. The scientific symbol for electrical...

Natural gas is delivered from the transmission system to end-use customers by the distribution system. Unlike the transmission system,...

A VAR is a unit of measurement of reactive power. VARs occur when AC electric currents and voltage are not in phase. Current and voltage...

Gas Scheduling provides the link between customer demand and Gas Control’s operation of the system. It is the role of Gas Scheduling to...

Valves perform various functions throughout the gas delivery system. They block flow by not allowing gas to pass beyond a certain point....

A switchyard is the set of facilities outside a power plant in which voltage is transformed and electricity flow is directed onto...

Capacity release (also called capacity brokering) is the act of reselling firm pipeline rights to a new entity. The market where capacity...

A revenue requirement is the total amount of money a utility must collect from customers to pay all its costs, including its return on...

A key cause of pipe failure in steel pipelines is corrosion. Without proper corrosion protection, every steel pipe will eventually...

Pack and draft is the ability to store natural gas in the pipe and is a key factor in control of a pipeline system. Packing refers to...

A synchronous generator is an electrical machine that converts the mechanical power of a spinning shaft into alternating current (AC)...

Use of generation is often divided into three categories — baseload, which is generation run all 24 hours of the day; intermediate, which...

A gas regulation station is a facility that includes multiple regulators that reduce gas pressure to the operating pressure appropriate...

A wye distribution line describes a specific configuration of a three-phase line. If a system designer has specified a three-phase line,...

Pipe is used to move natural gas from one location to another and can also be used as a form of storage. Pipe size and type vary...

Regasification, also called vaporization, is the final step in the LNG process when LNG is returned to its original gaseous form. LNG is...

Merchant generators are electric generation entities that create revenues by participating in competitive electric markets. Some in the...