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Because regulation has traditionally insulated customers from market pricing, electricity markets have not historically followed standard...
North America has five regional grids comprised of numerous interconnected transmission systems. These are the Eastern, Western, Texas,...
Several types of electric services are bought and sold in wholesale markets. These services include: Forward capacity: A commitment to...
Following the Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act (PURPA), the concept of independent power producers (IPPs) became a trend in the...
Energy efficiency reduces overall energy intensity for a specific energy use without concern for the timing of the use. It is a permanent...
Marketers generally purchase electricity from generators and/or natural gas from producers, and then resell it to utilities, end users,...
Energy services companies, or ESCOs, evolved in the regulated model to offer services beyond the regulated services offered by utility...
ERSs provide bulk system operators with voltage control, frequency support, and ramping capability needed to balance and maintain the...
In an attempt to push the industry toward its desired market model, FERC issued Order 2000 (actually issued December 15, 1999), which...
On April 24, 1996, the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) issued Order No. 888, which required public utilities to provide open...
Federal power marketing administrations are entities created by the U.S. government to market the power output of federal projects —...
The use of financial instruments to manage risks has been well known in commodity industries for decades. Gas and electric market...
A financial services company offers financial products associated with price risk and other risks that are inherent in the electricity...
In ISO markets, market participants sometimes incur congestion costs that are in excess of the standard transmission rates. These...
Firm service is the highest priority utility, gas pipeline, gas storage, electric transmission, gas purchase, or electric purchase level...
The term gas reserves may be used in different ways. Most commonly, it is used to mean proved reserves of natural gas. Proved reserves...
Gas Scheduling provides the link between customer demand and Gas Control’s operation of the system. It is the role of Gas Scheduling to...
A gas supply agreement between a buyer and seller contains a number of standard terms. Of course, a full agreement would contain...
Gas reserves are located in areas called gas supply regions which contain one or more gas supply basins. Basins are large-scale geologic...
The gas-to liquids process (GTL) takes hydrocarbons such as methane-rich natural gas and converts them into longer-chain hydrocarbons...
