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A key consideration in operating transmission is to avoid outages. Transmission outages can be caused by a variety of reasons including...
In markets where the system operations function has been moved to an Independent System Operator (ISO), the term transmission owner, or...
Transmission rights are used by generators and/or marketers to ensure delivery of power to a point of sale. Given the current state of...
The “service” that natural gas and electric end users receive actually comprises two services: commodity (the supply of natural gas or...
A utility distribution company (UDC) is an electric utility that provides distribution services. As electric markets are restructured,...
Utility regulation exists to ensure that customers of utilities and other service providers using the utility system are protected from a...
Value at risk, commonly called VAR, is a methodology for energy companies to evaluate the level of risk associated with their portfolio...
Under the vertically integrated monopoly utility model, electric generation, transmission, distribution, retail sales, and system...
Various factors influence the price of electricity at any given location at any point in time. Generally speaking, market-based prices...
Under the wholesale/industrial competition model, the utility remains responsible for providing supply to residential and small...
Working capital is the amount of money a company needs to have on hand to pay its obligations in the short term. It is used to bridge...
Zero carbon describes a process that has no greenhouse gas emissions. It differs from net zero carbon in that net zero allows for...
A ZEV is a vehicle that emits close to zero pollutants. As of 2021, ZEV was defined by California as having 98% cleaner emissions than...
There are generation technologies other than renewable generation that can provide energy without emissions. To recognize these, some...
A zero-emissions vehicle (ZEV) credit is a tradeable financial instrument that provides zero-emissions vehicle manufacturers with a...
A zero-emissions vehicle mandate program, commonly called a ZEV mandate program, is a government regulation that requires manufacturers...
